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ECOWAS Court Gives Judgment on Press Council Inconsistency with Human Rights Law
ECOWAS Court Gives Judgment on Press Council Inconsistency with Human Rights Law
By: Michael Mike
The ECOWAS Court of Justice has delivered its judgment in a case brought by two Nigerian journalists alleging the Nigerian Press Council Act of 1992 was discriminatory and violated their right to freedom of expression.
In its judgment delivered by Hon Justice Dupe Atoki, Judge Rapporteur, the Court declared that Sections 19 (1)(a), 27 and 37 of the Nigerian Press Council (NPC) Act failed to recognize public interest media including rights of online and citizen journalists thereby violating Article 9 (1) of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), and Article 8 (1) and 10 (2) of the Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa.
The Court therefore ordered the government of Nigeria to amend these contested Sections to align with international practices that promote free, pluralistic and professional journalism. It however dismissed other claims which were not substantiated.
The case with suit number ECW/CCJ/APP/31/21 was filed on 14 June 2021 by lawyers representing the Applicants – Mr Isaac Olamikan and Mrs Edoghogho Ugberease – online and citizen journalists who practise journalism for the promotion of freedom of expression, opinion, and access to information.
In the application, they claimed that Sections 19(1)a, 27 and 37 of the Nigeria Press Council Act of 1992 requiring journalists to be at least 18 years and accredited by the NPC, 25 years to be an editor with working experience in reputable media organization or news agency and registered with the Nigeria Union of Journalists, discriminated against them.
The Applicants’ lawyers led by Mr President Aigbokhan argued that these Sections failed to recognise public interest media such as the rights of online and citizen journalists and were therefore discriminatory and violated their right to freedom of expression as guaranteed under Articles 2 and 9(1) of the ACHPR, Article 19 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR), Articles 2, 10 and 19 of the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and Article 8 (1) and 10 (2) of the Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa; and breached the State’s obligation under the ECOWAS Treaty among other cited texts.
“For example, Section 37 of the Press Council Act, puts the minimum age to practice journalism as 18 years of age, while to be qualified as an editor, requires a minimum of 25 years of age. Sections 19(a) and 27 of the Act imposes educational qualifications and compulsory courses of attendance and training before a person can be recognized and allowed to practice as a journalist,” the judgment stated.
They also submitted that they were arrested separately at different locations while investigating and gathering information for their work, and that their arrest and detention were unlawful and violated their rights.
The Applicants asked the Court to order the Respondent to amend the contested Sections of the NPC Act to align with international practice and pay 1,000,000 (one million) USD as damages.
On their part, the Respondent’s lawyers Mrs Maimuna Lami Shiru and Mrs B.J. Oladipo told the Court that ‘journalism is a sensitive profession requiring mastery as well as regulation to prevent negative effect, adding that rights to information and freedom of expression are not absolute.’
The Respondent denied arresting and detaining the Applicants unlawfully, stating that the first Applicant was arrested because his action had national security implications while the second Applicant operated illegally.
They added that, in the same way as other professional bodies, there were criteria for registration and membership as journalists, and urged the Court to dismiss the case describing it as frivolous, baseless and an abuse of court process.
In its analysis, the Court determined if the matter was within its mandate, if it was admissible and if the Sections of the NPC Act were discriminatory and violated the right to freedom of expression of the Applicants. Relying on its rules of procedure and jurisprudence, the Court held the matter was within its jurisdiction and the case was admissible.
On the alleged violation of Article 2 of ACHPR the Court noted that the Applicants did not substantiate on how they were treated differently in an identical or similar situation. Consequently, it held that their rights to freedom from discrimination under Article 2 of ACHPR has not been violated.
While on the alleged violation of Article 9 (freedom of expression), the Court noted that Section 19(1) and Section 27 of the Press Act imposing minimum educational requirement, age limit and registration, were restrictive and interfered with the right to freedom of expression, and therefore violated Article 9 (2).
In reaching its decision, the Court also noted the impact of technology in the evolving media space with the advent of citizen journalists, influencers and content creators who share news, commentary, and analysis on social issues. Though not qualified in traditional sense, they contributed to shaping public opinion.
It drew inspiration from young activists notably Malala Yousafzai and Greta Thunberg who in their teens integrated online media in their advocacy and have attained world recognition through a free and unrestricted opportunity to gather information and express opinion.
Regarding the Applicants’ claim of unlawful arrest and detention, the Court noted that the Applicants did not prove their arrest was unlawful. Consequently, the Court dismissed their claims of unlawful arrest and request for compensation.
Both parties were ordered to bear their costs of litigation.
Also on the bench were Hon Justices Edward Amoako Asante (presiding) and Sengu M. Koroma (Member).
ECOWAS Court Gives Judgment on Press Council Inconsistency with Human Rights Law
News
Seven farmers killed in Plateau attack as reprisal cycle deepens
Seven farmers killed in Plateau attack as reprisal cycle deepens
By; Zagazola Makama
The killing of at least seven farmers in Bum community, Chugwi area of Vwang District, Jos South Local Government Area (LGA) of Plateau State, late Wednesday, has been widely interpreted as the latest link in a rapidly escalating chain of reprisal violence that has gripped several parts of the state since early December 2025.
Sources told Zagazola Makama that the attackers, Fulani Bandits struck at about 11:00 p.m. on Wednesday, Dec. 31, 2025, when most villagers were already asleep, killing the farmers in their homes and nearby farmlands before fleeing.
Confirming the incident on Thursday, the spokesperson of the Berom Youths Moulder-Association (BYM), Mr Rwang Tengwong, said seven bodies had so far been recovered, while search and rescue operations were ongoing in surrounding bushes.
Tengwong said the attack occurred despite earlier security alerts warning that several communities in Jos South LGA were under imminent threat.
“According to local sources, the tragic incident occurred despite an earlier security alert indicating that some communities in Jos South LGA had been earmarked for possible attacks,” he said.
“Sadly, Bum community has now fallen victim to this renewed wave of violence. This attack adds to the growing list of assaults on innocent rural communities in Plateau State.”
However, the attack was linked to the Bum killings, a reprisal cycle triggered by a series of violent incidents involving pastoral and farming communities across Barkin Ladi, Jos East, Riyom and Jos South LGAs throughout December 2025.
The immediate backdrop to the Bum attack was the shooting of five Fulani youths on Dec. 27, 2025, near Con Filling Station along Bukuru Express Road, close to Angle D in Jos South LGA.
The victims, Abubakar Aji, Idi Saleh, Sulaiman, Nura Muhammad Detta and Dabo Abubakar were returning from Bukuru Cattle Market (Kara Market) when gunmen suspected to be Berom militias allegedly opened fire on their vehicle without provocation.
They sustained critical injuries and were rushed to Jos University Teaching Hospital for treatment.
The Plateau State Chairman of the Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria (MACBAN), Alhaji Ibrahim Yusuf, condemned the shooting, describing it as part of a recurring pattern of attacks on Fulani travellers and pastoral communities.
He called for urgent investigation and improved security along major roads and commercial routes in the state.
Security sources note that the Dec. 27 shooting itself followed a more deadly incident on the night of Dec. 16, 2025, when gunmen reportedly attacked an illegal mining site at Tosho community in Fann District, Barkin Ladi LGA.
During that attack, 12 miners were killed and three abducted after the assailants allegedly demanded information on the whereabouts of 171 cattle stolen from Nding community on Dec. 10, 2025.
The December violence had begun earlier with attacks on pastoral assets. On Dec. 12, 2025, herders in Nding community, Fan District of Barkin Ladi LGA, lost about 137 cattle to rustlers. The animals reportedly belonged to Alhaji Wada Sale, Abdullahi Yusuf and Alhaji Talba Abubakar.
Less than 24 hours later, another rustling incident was reported in Kukukah community of Jos East LGA, where 34 cattle were driven away, though three later returned.
Soon after, nine cows reportedly died after allegedly consuming poisonous substances around Kwi village in Riyom LGA, further heightening tensions.
The situation deteriorated sharply two days later when four children were killed in Dorong village, Foron District of Barkin Ladi LGA, in what residents described as a Fulani reprisal attack. The victims were identified as Precious Joshuah, 17; Isa’ac Joshuah, 9; Mary Joshuah, 7; and Eve Sambo, 3.
Following that incident, retaliatory attacks reportedly continued, including an assault on Gero village in Jos South LGA, where several cattle were killed or fatally wounded.
Zagazola Makama noted that the killing of the seven farmers in Bum community fits a familiar pattern; attacks on cattle or pastoral communities, followed by retaliatory violence against farming settlements, and counter-reprisals along ethnic and communal lines.
Zagazola has repeatedly warned that unresolved cattle rustling, livestock poisoning and targeted killings often serve as triggers for revenge attacks on innocent civilians, creating a self-perpetuating cycle of violence.
Despite repeated early warnings and alerts, affected communities continue to accuse authorities of slow response, selective enforcement and failure to decisively dismantle armed militias on all sides.
As of press time, official reactions from security agencies on the Bum attack had yet to be issued.
Meanwhile, residents fear that without urgent, impartial intervention, the latest killings could provoke further reprisals, deepening insecurity across Plateau State at a time when many communities are still mourning losses from earlier December attacks.
Seven farmers killed in Plateau attack as reprisal cycle deepens
News
Army troops foil bandits’ attack, neutralise five in Plateau
Army troops foil bandits’ attack, neutralise five in Plateau
By: Zagazola Makama
Troops of 3 Division of the Nigerian Army and the Joint Task Force, Operation Enduring Peace (JTF OPEP), have foiled an attempted attack on communities in Plateau State, neutralising five bandits and recovering arms and ammunition.

Zagazola Makama gathered that the operation was carried out in the early hours of Thursday as part of the ongoing Operation Peace Shield, according to military sources.
The sources said the troops, acting on credible intelligence, laid an ambush along the Dutsen Zaki–Odare Forest axis in Wase Local Government Area, where bandits were mobilising to attack adjoining communities.
“During the firefight that ensued, troops neutralised five bandits, while others fled with gunshot wounds,” the source said.

Items recovered from the scene included two AK-47 rifle magazines loaded with 11 rounds of 7.62mm (Special) ammunition, two machetes and one knife.
The military said troops were currently on the trail of the fleeing bandits to prevent regrouping and further attacks in the area.

The operation, it added, was part of sustained efforts by troops of 3 Division and JTF OPEP to deny criminal elements freedom of action and ensure the safety of residents across the Joint Operations Area in Plateau State
Army troops foil bandits’ attack, neutralise five in Plateau
News
Zulum Inaugurates 48-Classroom High Islamic College in Gubio
Zulum Inaugurates 48-Classroom High Islamic College in Gubio
… Commissions 3 projects executed by Gubio LGA
By: Our Reporter
Borno State Governor, Babagana Umara Zulum, on Tuesday, officially opened a newly constructed 48-classroom High Islamic College in Gubio Local Government Area of northern Borno.

The state-of-the-art institution is designed to offer a hybrid curriculum that integrates western education with traditional sangaya (Qur’anic) educational system.

Zulum had introduced an integrated policy framework which aims to provide students with a holistic education, grounding them in both religious principles and contemporary academic knowledge.

Speaking at the commissioning ceremony, Zulum emphasised that the college is structured to ensure its graduates are not only deeply rooted in Islamic scholarship but are also fully equipped and qualified to pursue higher education in conventional institutions.
“Our focus has been on revitalising the system by preserving its rich tradition of Islamic scholarship while introducing modern subjects and vocational skills. We recognise the historic role of sangaya education in shaping moral values, discipline, and learning within our communities, while also equipping learners with essential skills in literacy, numeracy, science, technology, foundational English, and vocational training to enable them to function effectively and competitively in today’s society.”

“Through institutions operating under the National Board for Arabic and Islamic Studies (NBAIS) approved curriculum, sangaya learners are now receiving a balanced education that integrates Islamic Studies with modern knowledge. These reforms have created clear pathways for graduates to obtain O-Level equivalent certification and, where they so desire, progress to higher institutions of learning to further develop their potential.”
The facility, in addition to the 48 classrooms, also features administrative blocks and a library. It is expected to serve hundreds of students from Gubio and surrounding communities, reducing the need for children to travel far from home for quality integrated education.

Zulum also commissioned the Gubio II Junior Day Secondary School, executed by Borno State Government. During a tour of the facilities, the Commissioner for Education, Engr Lawan Abba Wakilbe, explained that classrooms are intended to provide safe and inclusive learning spaces, with a particular focus on improving access for adolescent girls.
… Commissions 3 projects executed by Gubio LGA
Meanwhile, Governor Babagana Umara Zulum has commissioned three projects executed by the Chairman of Gubio Local Government Area, Mali Bulama Mali Gubio.
The projects include Gubio Oil Mills, Zulum Ultramodern Clinic, and Mustapha Gubio Shopping Complex.
The occasions were attended by the Shehu of Borno, Abubakar Ibn Umar Garbai Elkanemi; Senator Mohammed Tahir Monguno; and Members of the House of Representatives, Usman Zanah and Engr Bukar Talba.
Other dignitaries include the Speaker Borno State House of Assembly, Abdulkarim Lawan, commissioners, special advisers and other senior government officials.
Zulum Inaugurates 48-Classroom High Islamic College in Gubio
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