International
Chinese Modernization And China’s 75 Years of Poverty Reduction Achievements
Chinese Modernization And China’s 75 Years of Poverty Reduction Achievements
By Dr. Bridget Chiedu Onochie
It would be practically impossible to talk about Chinese modernization and the phenomenal poverty reduction without mentioning the impressive and development–driven reforms initiated by the Communist Party of China (CPC).
Over the past 75 years of its history, China was said to have lifted over 800 million people out of extreme poverty – a feat that was historically unprecedented and documented for accounting for about 75 per cent of global poverty reduction between 1981 and 2020.
This attainment was achieved through decades of speedy economic growth and comprehensive reforms, which began in the late 1970s. With its attendant improvement in living standards, developed infrastructure and increased incomes, China was able to meet the goals of the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by 2021, a decade earlier than the target year.
This development best defines ‘Chinese modernization’ – the political will of Chinese government to transform the economy, the society and the mode of governance for national rejuvenation and prosperity. Thus, the CPC government resolved to vigorously pursue economic reconstruction, high-quality development with focus on innovations, sustainability and efficiency-driven growth.
Chinese modernization equally involves technological advancements and global economic influence; which China obviously flourishes across the globe.
Through its modernization process, the living standard of its citizens have been enhanced with glaring reforms in education and healthcare. Meanwhile, a comprehensive social safety net, social services, state capacity strengthening, transparent legal system and promotion of traditional Chinese culture alongside modern values, were entrenched as national norms.
Consequently, different countries of the world, including Nigeria, seek to adopt the Chinese modernization model for accelerated development. The country’s ability to transform from extreme poverty to socio-economic stability built on the foundational principle and philosophical ideology that it is only through the empowerment of citizens for future self-reliance that a country can be better, has become a reference point for developing nations of the world.
While people wonder about the secret of Chinese success, history credited the poverty reduction prowess to two major pillars – Broad-based Economic Transformation, and Targeted Support for Areas and Households Disadvantaged by Geography and Lack of Opportunities.
By these, the government focused on national development policies with poverty reduction as a defining purpose, and through it, the government was able to deliver a well-targeted programs for the poor in an inclusive manner, that guaranteed balanced development between rural and urban areas – a holistic strategy of growth backed by political will.
In his presentation titled, ‘The War Against Poverty and the People Centered Accurate Poverty Alleviation, Mr. Wang Sangui of China Anti-Poverty Research Institute, Renmin University, China (RUC), stated that between 1981 and 2015, China’s poverty rate decreased from 88 per cent to less than one per cent, based on the percentage of people living on the equivalent of $1.90 or less per day.
The per-capita income was also recorded to rise from $200 in 1990 to $1,000 in 2000, and to $5,000 in 2010, moving China from a low-income country to a middle-income country.”
The Chinese modernization project was so consistent and resilient that in 2018, the number of people living below the national poverty line of ¥2,300 per year was 16.6 million, which is less than two per cent of the population and by 2020, China proudly announced eradication of absolute poverty, having successfully lifted over 800 million people out of poverty.
Since then, the country has remained committed to sustained growth and substantial increase in living standards.
The beauty of Chinese modernisation is the long term poverty alleviation strategy, driven by sustained fast economic growth, which played a key role in rural reforms, agricultural development, labour-intensive manufacturing and employment, urbanization and rural-urban migration.
A major striking lesson was the Accurately Targeted Poverty Alleviation approach initiated by President Xi Jinping during his visit to Western Hunan in November 2013. The policy stipulated that poverty alleviation should be practical and realistic, and it directly aimed at helping the poor by targeting poor households and poor people.
To implement this policy, Chinese government did not adopt or shout any slogan or set ambitious goals. Rather, it documented public opinions on innovative mechanisms that solidly promoted rural poverty alleviation and development.
In fact, this is the basic strategy in the war against poverty because through accurate identification, assistance, management and assessment of poor households and villages, government guided meticulously, the optimal allocation of various poverty alleviation resources, and with this, the country achieved poverty alleviation from village to household, and gradually built a long-term mechanism for targeted poverty alleviation.
The process began with identifying and registering the poor. Consequently, all families, whose income was lower than the poverty line and could not meet the ‘Two Assurances and Three Guarantees’ (adequate food and clothing, and access to compulsory education, basic medical services and safe housing for impoverished rural residents) were identified and registered through quantitative identification and controlled democratic appraisal to reduce omissions.
At the end of the exercise, China identified 29.48 million poor households with a total population of 89.62 million in 2013. The ability to register all the poor households and population with accurate details about each family, its available resources, income sources and reasons of poverty, was laudable and worthy of emulation.
Under the second strategy which was ‘Precision Poverty Alleviation Strategy’, the government intensified promotion of income-generation activities, including cooperative agricultural production, value chain development as well as rural tourism development that target the poor. Additionally, interest-free loans were provided for poor households. No wonder China has become a preferred destination for most people across the globe.
For African leaders, China remained a role model for youth empowerment and job creation – providing skill training, subsidized transportation cost, job market information and assisting the poor through medical and health services. Government’s provision of a comprehensive coverage and differentiated subsidies of basic medical insurance – serious illness insurance and serious illness relief without demand for deposit, speak volume of sustainable reforms.
As many developing countries of the world wallow under food insecurity, China succeeded in achieving food security because it understood the power of providing the backward integration for heavy industries as well as exploiting every single layer of the value supply chain. It doesn’t believe in weaponisation of poverty for political sentiment.
However, another striking and interesting aspect of Chinese modernization was captured vividly by President Xi Jinping in his Keynote Address at the opening ceremony of the Third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in 2023. He made it clear that China was endeavoring to build itself into a stronger country and rejuvenate the Chinese nation on all fronts by pursuing Chinese modernization, which was not self-serving but for all developing countries of the world.
He however declared that the modernization China was pursuing was not personal but for all developing countries through joint efforts. He believed that global modernization should be pursued to enhance peaceful development and mutually beneficial cooperation and bring prosperity to all.
He assured of China’s willingness to work with all parties to deepen Belt and Road partnerships of cooperation, usher the cooperation into a new stage of high-quality development, and make relentless efforts to achieve modernization for all countries.
Since the beginning of the reform that herald the opening up of China, the government has canvassed a world where development is even, peace inevitable and the future, where the world is a community where every player is a winner.
In all that China has achieved and is still achieving, credit must be given to its government for entrenching strong institutions. Otherwise, even noble ideas and policies would have been futile.
Through strong institutions, the government enforced policies in every sector of the economy. In agriculture and food security, it eliminated the systemic obstacles to farmers’ land ownership and consequently, rural infrastructure improved, while education and healthcare services also thrived.
The fact that poverty reduction in China accelerated over time was an indication that the strategy of taking tailor-made measures against poverty is successful and effective, and should be emulated by other developing countries burdened by poverty.
Beyond the immediate environment, China’s eradication of extreme poverty has global benefits, having contributed to the world achieving the Millennium Development Goals set for 2015. China by that, attained the first UN Sustainable Development Goal target 1.1. of eradicating extreme poverty ten years ahead of schedule, and undeniable fact remains that ever since the reform began, the pace of poverty reduction in China has been consistently faster than anywhere across the globe.
Chinese Modernization And China’s 75 Years of Poverty Reduction Achievements
Qatar Rejects Iran’s Explanation for Missile Strikes, Says Attacks Hit Civilian Areas
By: Michael Mike
Qatar has rejected explanations from Iran over recent missile strikes, insisting that evidence shows the attacks struck civilian areas and key infrastructure inside its territory.
The position was conveyed during a phone conversation between Qatar’s Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani, and Iran’s Foreign Minister, Abbas Araghchi, amid rising regional tensions.
According to a statement issued by the Qatar News Agency, the Iranian minister had argued that the missile strikes were directed at American interests and were not intended to target the State of Qatar.
However, Al Thani firmly rejected the claim, stressing that available evidence indicated that the strikes affected civilian and residential areas within Qatar, including locations near Hamad International Airport.
The Qatari prime minister further noted that the attacks also threatened critical infrastructure and industrial facilities, including installations linked to the country’s liquefied natural gas production—an industry vital to the nation’s economy and global energy supply.
Describing the development as a grave escalation, Al Thani said the strikes constitute a clear violation of Qatar’s sovereignty and a breach of international law. He warned that actions capable of endangering civilian populations and strategic facilities cannot be justified under any circumstances.
The Qatari leader reiterated Doha’s commitment to regional stability and diplomacy but emphasized that any threat to the country’s territorial integrity would be treated with utmost seriousness.
The exchange underscores the growing strain in relations between Tehran and several Gulf states as tensions across the Middle East continue to intensify, raising fears of wider regional repercussions if the crisis is not contained.
Qatar Rejects Iran’s Explanation for Missile Strikes, Says Attacks Hit Civilian Areas
Interrogating the Russian Model in Africa
By Oumarou Sanou
In recent years, Russian influence in Africa has expanded at a striking pace and with strategic precision. From Bamako to Bangui, Niamey to Ouagadougou, Moscow has presented itself as a dependable alternative partner; one that claims no colonial guilt, imposes no lectures on governance, and attaches no democratic conditionalities to cooperation. In a region fatigued by insecurity and disillusioned with Western engagement, that message has resonated.
But beyond the rhetoric of “Saint Russia” and the carefully cultivated image of a geopolitical “Saviour of Africa” -a narrative amplified across social media-a more fundamental question demands attention: what exactly is the Russian model offering Africa, and does it truly align with the continent’s long-term aspirations for democratic governance, economic transformation, and social stability?
Africa’s post-independence experience has been shaped by recurring governance challenges: corruption, authoritarian leadership, fragile institutions, and predatory elites. These weaknesses have stunted the growth of an empowered middle class, undermined entrepreneurship, and limited inclusive development. After decades of experimentation, the lesson is clear: sustainable progress rests on accountable leadership, institutional strength, rule of law, and political alternation.
If governance reform remains Africa’s unfinished project, then the value of any external partnership must be measured against whether it strengthens or weakens that trajectory.
The issue is not Russia as a nation. Every sovereign state has the right to pursue its interests abroad. The concern lies with the regime’s political structure, which is implicitly promoted as a model. Contemporary Russia is characterised by prolonged executive dominance, limited political alternation, and significant concentration of economic power among a narrow elite. President Vladimir Putin has led the country for a quarter of a century. Opposition space is restricted. Independent media operates under heavy constraints. Wealth is concentrated, and outside a few urban centres such as Moscow and St. Petersburg, economic dynamism remains limited.
This is not an emotional or ideological critique; it is a structural observation. A governance system marked by entrenched oligarchic influence and constrained civic space is unlikely to export a blueprint that empowers pluralism, fosters institutional independence, or nurtures a broad-based middle class, precisely the ingredients Africa needs.
In the Sahel, Russia’s expanding footprint has coincided not with democratic revival, but with the consolidation of junta-led regimes. Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, now bound together in the Alliance of Sahel States (AES), have sharply pivoted toward Moscow. Yet these countries rank among those with the highest terrorism-related casualties globally. Despite bold promises, insecurity persists and, in some cases, has worsened. Instability increasingly spills beyond their borders, affecting coastal West African states, including Nigeria.
The central question, therefore, is not whether Russia should engage Africa; it can and should, like any global actor. The real question is whether the nature of that engagement strengthens institutions or merely reinforces regime survival.
Partnerships anchored primarily in security cooperation without parallel institutional reform risk deepening political stagnation. Leaders become insulated from domestic accountability. Civic freedoms shrink. Economic diversification slows. Investors hesitate. Youth populations, already restless, lose faith in systems that offer neither alternation nor upward mobility.
Nigeria offers an instructive contrast. Its democracy is imperfect and often turbulent. Corruption remains a challenge. Electoral processes are contested. Yet Nigeria has witnessed peaceful transfers of power between parties. Civil society is active. The press is vibrant and frequently critical. Courts retain the authority, however unevenly exercised, to check executive excess.
These achievements should not be dismissed. They represent the fragile but essential infrastructure of democratic governance.
It is, therefore, troubling when foreign missions publicly attack Nigerian and African journalists for critical reporting, which is a model Moscow is championing in the AES and seeks to extend to other African countries. A model that seems to suppress critical voices and press freedom. Is that what Africa needs? Media scrutiny is not hostility; it is a cornerstone of democratic accountability.
Reciprocity is the foundation of diplomatic respect. One must ask: would any major power accept a foreign embassy publicly disparaging its journalists on its own soil? The answer is an absolute no, but this is what Russia has done and continues to do across Africa. Nigeria’s democratic gains must not be undermined by external pressure.
Against this backdrop, Africa should resist emotional alignment with any global power, whether East or West. The continent’s future cannot be reduced to proxy rivalries or anti-Western symbolism. Strategic autonomy must be grounded in institutional resilience, not in the romanticisation of external patrons.
If Russia seeks genuine partnership, it must demonstrate respect for sovereignty not only in rhetoric but in substance; by investing in long-term economic value chains rather than narrow extractive concessions; by encouraging transparent governance rather than opaque security arrangements; by engaging societies, not merely regimes.
Africa’s demographic reality makes the stakes even higher. The continent’s youth bulge demands inclusive growth, entrepreneurial opportunity, and institutional trust. Development flourishes where citizens can speak freely, build businesses, and hold leaders accountable. Political systems defined by prolonged executive dominance and limited alternation do not historically generate diversified, innovation-driven economies.
Nigeria stands at a crossroads. It can retreat into political immobility or deepen its democratic experiment. The latter path is imperfect and demanding, but it is the only one capable of building durable institutions. Consider the example of former French President Nicolas Sarkozy, who faced conviction and imprisonment for legal violations. Regardless of one’s assessment of France’s foreign policy, the principle demonstrated was clear: no leader is above the law. Institutional accountability, not personality rule, is the foundation of governance maturity.
Africa’s future will not be secured by replacing one dependency with another, nor by elevating any foreign power to messianic status. True Pan-Africanism is not the echoing of external talking points; it is the deliberate construction of institutions that serve African citizens.
Russia itself is not inherently a threat. But the uncritical adoption of its current governance model, particularly in fragile states with histories of authoritarianism, risks deepening political stagnation and security deterioration.
Nigeria, as Africa’s largest democracy, bears a responsibility, not to antagonise any nation, but to champion democratic resilience across the continent. The real question is not whether Russia can offer Africa a partnership. It is whether Africa is prepared to interrogate the governance model embedded in that partnership.
If Africa’s ambition is prosperity, stability, and dignity for its people, the path forward must begin and end with accountable governance.
Oumarou Sanou is a social critic, Pan-African observer and researcher focusing on governance, security, and political transitions in the Sahel. He writes on geopolitics, regional stability, and African leadership dynamics. Contact: sanououmarou386@gmail.com
Interrogating the Russian Model in Africa
UK Abolishes Visa Stickers for Nigerians, Introduces Mandatory eVisas from Feb 25
By: Michael Mike
The United Kingdom will from 25 February 2026 stop issuing physical visa stickers to Nigerian travellers, replacing them entirely with digital eVisas in what officials describe as a major overhaul of the country’s immigration system.
Announcing the change in Abuja, UK Visas and Immigration (UKVI) said all new Visit visas granted to Nigerian nationals will now be issued electronically, marking a decisive step in the UK’s transition to a fully digital border regime.
Under the new system, successful applicants will no longer receive a vignette pasted into their passport. Instead, they will access proof of their immigration status online through a secure UKVI account.
The British government stressed that the application procedure itself remains unchanged. Nigerian applicants must still complete the standard online process, attend a Visa Application Centre to submit biometric data and meet all existing eligibility requirements. The only adjustment is the format in which the visa is delivered.
Authorities clarified that Nigerians currently holding valid visa stickers will not be affected by the new policy. Their visas will remain valid until expiration and do not require replacement solely because of the transition.
British Deputy High Commissioner in Abuja, Gill Lever, said the move is designed to simplify travel while enhancing security.
“We are committed to making it easier for Nigerians to travel to the UK. This shift to digital visas streamlines a key part of the process, strengthens security and reduces reliance on paper documentation,” she said.
According to UKVI, the eVisa system is expected to shorten processing timelines since passports will no longer need to be retained for visa sticker endorsement. Travellers will also be able to view and manage their immigration status online at any time, from anywhere.
Officials highlighted the added security benefits of the digital format, noting that unlike physical stickers, eVisas cannot be lost, stolen or tampered with. The system is also designed to provide real-time verification of immigration status.
Once a visa is approved, applicants will be required to create a free UKVI account to access and share their eVisa details when necessary.
The policy shift signals a broader modernization of the UK’s border management framework and places Nigerian travellers among the first groups to experience the fully digital visa rollout.
For frequent travellers, students and business visitors, the reform represents a significant procedural change—one that replaces paper documentation with an online immigration record as the new standard for entry clearance into the United Kingdom.
UK Abolishes Visa Stickers for Nigerians, Introduces Mandatory eVisas from Feb 25
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