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How misdiagnosis, narratives are fuelling Nigeria’s banditry escalation
How misdiagnosis, narratives are fuelling Nigeria’s banditry escalation
By: Zagazola Makama
Nigeria’s banditry crisis is no longer escalating simply because armed groups are growing bolder. It is escalating because the country continues to misdiagnose the threat, apply blunt policy tools to differentiated actors, and unintentionally feed a violent criminal economy through ransom payments, politicised narratives and delayed state consolidation.
Across the North-West and parts of the North-Central, banditry has evolved beyond rural violence into a structured, profit-driven security threat. Yet public debate remains trapped between emotional appeals for dialogue and absolutist calls for force, leaving little room for the strategic clarity required to halt the violence.
At the heart of the escalation is money. Banditry today survives on a diversified revenue architecture that includes ransom payments, cattle rustling, illegal mining, arms trafficking, extortion levies on farming and mining communities, and collaboration with transnational criminal networks. Each successful kidnapping or “peace levy” reinforces the viability of violence as a business model.
Data released by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in December 2024 underlined the scale of this economy with the North-West accounting for the highest number of kidnap incidents and victims.
Zagazola argue that as long as communities remain unprotected and ransom payments continue as a survival strategy, banditry will regenerate faster than military operations can suppress it. This is not ideology-driven violence at its core; it is cash-flow-driven criminality as every payment funds the next attack.
Another accelerant is Nigeria’s persistent failure to differentiate categories of armed actors. Security assessments increasingly point to at least two distinct groups operating within the banditry ecosystem.
The first consists of low-level, defensive armed actors, often rural residents who acquired weapons after suffering attacks and whose violence is reactive rather than predatory. The second group comprises entrenched, profit-driven bandit networks responsible for mass kidnappings, village destruction, sexual violence, arms trafficking and territorial control.
Yet public discourse and policy responses frequently collapse these actors into a single category of “bandits,” resulting in indiscriminate dialogue offers, blanket amnesty rhetoric or, conversely, broad-brush security operations that alienate communities. This conceptual error, allows high-value criminal leaders to masquerade as aggrieved actors while exploiting negotiations to buy time, regroup and rearm.
Dialogue has repeatedly been applied in contexts where the state lacks coercive leverage. Experiences in Zamfara, Katsina, Sokoto and Kaduna states and parts of the North-West show a consistent pattern: temporary reductions in violence following peace deals, followed by rapid relapse and escalation. Officials who participated in the dialogue have openly acknowledged that many agreements collapsed within months.
The negotiations conducted without sustained military pressure, intelligence dominance and post-agreement enforcement mechanisms merely incentivise armed groups to pause tactically. When criminals negotiate from a position of strength, dialogue becomes appeasement.
Perhaps the most dangerous accelerant is the ethnicisation of banditry. Although criminal gangs include actors of identifiable ethnic backgrounds, the violence itself is not driven by ethnic grievance. Nonetheless, selective media framing and political rhetoric like what had been witnessed in Plateau have increasingly cast banditry through identity lenses, particularly in farmer–herder contexts.
This framing obscures the criminal logic of the violence and deepens mistrust between communities that are themselves victims. In Nigeria today, the fulani herdsmen and pastoralists communities are being weaponized and stereotyped as bandits. This dangerous persecution has strengthens bandit recruitment narratives, allowing criminal leaders to cloak profit-driven violence in claims of ethnic persecution or genocide.
Historical records and sociological studies show that Fulani, Hausa, Tiv, Berom and other communities coexisted for decades through complementary economic systems. The breakdown of this coexistence has been exploited by armed groups seeking cover, recruits and informants. Security agencies possess significantly more intelligence on bandit networks than is visible in public debate. Lawful interceptions, human intelligence and post-operation assessments routinely reveal financial motives, supply routes and internal hierarchies within armed groups.
However, public advocacy for dialogue often relies on forest-level engagements that security officials describe as “theatrical performances” by bandits choreographed grievances designed to elicit sympathy and concessions. The disconnect between classified intelligence and public narratives has allowed emotionally compelling but strategically flawed arguments to dominate national discourse.
Another escalation factor is the emerging convergence between bandit networks and ideological terrorist groups as Nigeria’s internal security landscape firmly indicates that what has long been treated as banditry especially in the North-West and parts of North-Central Nigeria has evolved into a hybrid jihadist campaign, driven by Boko Haram (JAS faction) and reinforced by JNIM elements operating from Sahelian-linked forest sanctuaries. Shared arms supply chains, training exchanges and joint operations could transform banditry from criminal violence into full-spectrum insurgency if unchecked. Nigeria’s past experience with Boko Haram demonstrates the cost of dismissing such convergence as isolated or exaggerated.
Military operations have succeeded in degrading bandit camps in several corridors, but the absence of immediate governance has allowed violence to recycle. Clearing operations not followed by permanent security presence, functional courts, reopened schools, healthcare and markets leave vacuums that criminal actors quickly refill. Bandits and other criminals thrive where state authority is episodic rather than continuous. Security victories without governance consolidation merely displace violence spatially and temporally.
Therefore, Nigeria must urgently reset its approach by formally adopting threat differentiation, choking financial lifelines, regulating community defence structures, and ensuring intelligence-led, precise enforcement against high-risk criminal networks. Dialogue, they say, must be selective, conditional and embedded within formal disarmament and reintegration frameworks not deployed as a moral reflex.
Above all, the state must reclaim narrative control by defining banditry clearly as organised criminal violence, not a sociological misunderstanding. As one senior official put it, “Banditry escalates where sentiment overrides strategy. The cure begins with honesty.”
Without that honesty, Nigeria risks allowing a violent criminal economy to entrench itself deeper into the country’s security architecture at a cost measured not just in money, but in lives, legitimacy and national cohesion.
How misdiagnosis, narratives are fuelling Nigeria’s banditry escalation
News
UN Women, Diplomats, Nollywood Stars Intensify Push for Special Seats Bill With New Advocacy Film
UN Women, Diplomats, Nollywood Stars Intensify Push for Special Seats Bill With New Advocacy Film
By: Michael Mike
The Nigeria office of UN Women, alongside diplomats, civil society groups and Nollywood stars, has intensified pressure for the passage of the Special Seats for Women Bill with the premiere of a new advocacy film aimed at confronting the persistent exclusion of women from Nigeria’s political leadership.
The film, Ibukun and the People, was screened at the weekend in Abuja under the Side by Side Naija campaign as part of efforts to mobilise nationwide support for increased women’s representation in parliament and decision-making positions.

The production, supported by UN Women, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and the Government of Canada, brought together actors, development partners, women groups, civil society organisations, media practitioners and advocates of inclusive governance.
Featuring prominent Nollywood stars including Ivie Okujaiye, Uzee Usman and Joke Silva, the movie highlighted the structural barriers, intimidation, stereotypes and political exclusion confronting women seeking elective offices in Nigeria.
Speaking at the event, the UN Women Representative to Nigeria and ECOWAS, Beatrice Eyong described the initiative as a strategic intervention designed to deepen conversations around gender inclusion and strengthen advocacy for the Special Seats Bill.
She said women’s inclusion in governance must be seen as a national development imperative rather than an act of charity.
“Not as an act of charity, but as a necessity for national development. We need more women at the table when decisions that affect them are made. That is what the movie is advocating,” she said.

Eyong urged Nigerians to look beyond the entertainment value of the production and confront the realities women continue to face in politics, expressing optimism that the movie would inspire broader support for women seeking political offices.
She also commended the actors and production crew for volunteering their talents in support of the advocacy campaign.
The British Deputy High Commissioner to Nigeria, Gill Lever, described women’s participation in politics as an urgent democratic priority, noting that storytelling remains a powerful tool for driving policy conversations and social change.
According to her, the film aligns with ongoing advocacy for affirmative action and could help accelerate reforms that promote inclusive governance.
Also speaking, the Ambassador of Belgium to Nigeria, Pieter Leenknegt, said reserved seats remain one of the practical pathways for improving women’s representation in Nigeria’s political system.
He, however, stressed that broader political reforms and education were equally critical in addressing gender imbalance in leadership.
Similarly, the Ambassador of Finland to Nigeria, Sanna Selin, said gender equality promotes peace, social justice and sustainable development.
She noted that inclusive governance benefits society as a whole through improved stability and economic progress.
The Country Representative of United Nations Population Fund in Nigeria, Muriel Mafico, reaffirmed the commitment of United Nations agencies to supporting the passage of the Special Seats Bill to boost women’s representation in governance.

Director-General of the Maryam Babangida National Centre for Women Development, Adedayo Benjamins-Laniyi, urged women to sustain grassroots mobilisation and remain united in the campaign for increased political participation.
Women’s rights advocate, Ene Obi, said the proposed legislation would help correct Nigeria’s political imbalance and create opportunities for women to contribute more meaningfully to national development.
She called on men and key stakeholders to actively support the bill and champion the inclusion of women in leadership and governance.
President of the League of Women Voters of Nigeria, Irene Awunah-Ikyegh, described the bill as a crucial affirmative action measure needed to deepen democracy and empower women politically.
The National President of the National Council of Women Societies, Edna Azura, commended the organisers and young filmmakers for deploying cinema as a platform for social advocacy and democratic inclusion.
Director of the film, Patience Ejoke-Ogedegbe, said the movie sends a strong message that competent women should no longer be intimidated, blackmailed or discouraged from contesting political positions.
Actor Uzee Usman, who played the role of a senator in the film, stressed the need to encourage and support more women to seek elective offices.
Lead actress Ivie Okujaiye said the production would inspire women to challenge stereotypes and resist intimidation while pursuing leadership positions.
Guests at the screening praised the movie’s production quality, storyline and performances, describing it as socially impactful and politically relevant.
The event also featured the presentation of awards to some of the actors and advocates in recognition of their contributions to gender equality and inclusive governance in Nigeria.
UN Women, Diplomats, Nollywood Stars Intensify Push for Special Seats Bill With New Advocacy Film
News
Korean Cultural Centre Deepens Nigeria-South Korea Ties Through K-Heritage Festival in Abuja
Korean Cultural Centre Deepens Nigeria-South Korea Ties Through K-Heritage Festival in Abuja
By:Michael Mike
The Korean Cultural Centre Nigeria has intensified efforts to strengthen cultural diplomacy and people-to-people relations between Nigeria and South Korea through the expansion of its K-Heritage Festival, an initiative aimed at promoting traditional Korean arts, music and cultural education in Nigeria.
Organisers said the Abuja edition of the festival reflects growing cultural exchanges between both countries and a deliberate effort to expose Nigerians to Korea’s rich traditional heritage beyond the globally celebrated K-Pop culture.
Speaking during the event in Abuja at the weekend, the Event Manager at the Korean Cultural Centre, Yoonjin Lee, said the festival was created to showcase the depth of Korean traditional performances and cultural identity to Nigerian audiences increasingly fascinated by Korean entertainment.
According to her, although K-Pop has gained massive international popularity among young people, the K-Heritage Festival was designed to introduce Nigerians to the traditional roots of Korean culture through indigenous music, dance and live performances.
“K-Pop is more like the modern type, more attracted by young people. But the K-Heritage Festival is trying to also bring Korean traditional performances to Nigeria,” she said.
The festival, which debuted in Lagos in 2025, was extended to Abuja this year as part of efforts to widen participation and deepen cultural engagement across Nigeria.
This year’s edition featured performances by Korean traditional performance duo Sorichum, comprising Melissa Minseong Seo and Hyunjung Park, who entertained audiences with displays of traditional Korean music and dance.
Beyond the stage performances, the artistes also organised intensive two-day cultural workshops where Nigerian participants were introduced to Korean fan dance and the traditional Korean percussion instrument known as the Janggu.
Participants who took part in the workshops later performed during the festival alongside students of the Korean Cultural Centre and winners of previous K-Pop competitions.

Lee described the level of enthusiasm and commitment shown by Nigerian participants as remarkable.
“The students only learned for two days, but they performed perfectly. People are really enjoying it,” she said.
According to her, the response from participants and audiences demonstrates that Nigerian interest in Korean culture is evolving beyond contemporary pop entertainment into deeper appreciation for traditional Korean heritage.
She stressed that the K-Heritage Festival forms part of the centre’s broader cultural mission to present multiple dimensions of Korean identity, history and artistic traditions to Nigerians.
“We really want to show different stages of Korean culture. K-Pop is very big, but as a Korean Cultural Centre, we also want to bring traditions and opportunities for people to experience them,” she added.
The growing popularity of Korean cultural programmes in Nigeria mirrors a wider global expansion of the “Korean Wave,” popularly known as Hallyu — a phenomenon driven by the international success of Korean music, films, television dramas, fashion and cuisine.
Over the past decade, South Korea has increasingly deployed cultural diplomacy as a soft-power strategy to strengthen global influence and international partnerships, particularly among younger populations.
Nigeria has emerged as one of the leading African countries embracing Korean cultural exports, with rising participation in K-Pop contests, Korean language classes, film screenings and cultural festivals organised by the Korean Cultural Centre in Abuja and Lagos.
The Korean Cultural Centre Nigeria, established to promote mutual cultural understanding, has continued to organise language education programmes, cultural exhibitions, culinary events and entertainment festivals aimed at fostering closer bilateral ties.
Lee disclosed that organisers are considering expanding traditional Korean cultural activities in Nigeria through additional workshops and festivals, especially in Lagos.
She revealed that plans are underway for another Janggu drum festival while traditional cultural classes are also expected to be strengthened ahead of the possible introduction of K-Heritage competitions in the future.
However, she noted that competitive events currently remain largely focused on K-Pop activities due to their strong youth appeal.
She further announced that another K-Pop Festival would hold later this year in Lagos as organisers continue rotating major cultural events between Lagos and Abuja to ensure broader national participation.
Observers say the growing acceptance of Korean cultural festivals in Nigeria reflects the increasing role of cultural exchanges in international relations, where arts, music and shared experiences are becoming powerful tools for strengthening diplomatic and economic cooperation between nations.
Korean Cultural Centre Deepens Nigeria-South Korea Ties Through K-Heritage Festival in Abuja
News
Nigeria, China Seek Expanded Cooperation in Tourism, Heritage, Creative Industries
Nigeria, China Seek Expanded Cooperation in Tourism, Heritage, Creative Industries
By: Michael Mike
Nigeria and China have intensified efforts to strengthen bilateral cooperation in tourism, culture, and the creative economy, with both countries identifying the sectors as major drivers of economic growth, cultural diplomacy, and people-to-people relations.
This commitment was reaffirmed at the weekend during the 2026 China Tourism Day celebration hosted by the China Cultural Centre in Nigeria (CCIN) in Abuja, where government officials, diplomats, tourism stakeholders, artists, and cultural enthusiasts gathered to celebrate the growing partnership between the two nations.
Speaking at the event, Yang Jianxing said tourism remains one of the most effective instruments for fostering mutual understanding and strengthening ties among nations.
He explained that the theme of this year’s celebration, “Enjoying Quality Tourism, Exploring Beautiful Landscapes,” reflects the increasing global importance of tourism as a platform for intercultural dialogue and peaceful coexistence.
According to him, both China and Nigeria possess rich historical civilizations, diverse cultural identities, and globally recognised tourism assets capable of deepening cooperation between their peoples.
Yang cited iconic destinations including the Great Wall of China and Mount Tai, alongside Nigeria’s Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove and Zuma Rock, describing them as enduring cultural symbols that continue to connect civilizations across continents.
He noted that several joint cultural initiatives organised over the years by both countries, including the Happy Chinese New Year programmes and China-Nigeria Cultural and Tourism Festivals, had expanded cultural exchanges through artistic performances, traditional exhibitions, and culinary experiences.
“These activities have not only strengthened friendship between our peoples but have also promoted the spirit of harmony, mutual respect, and cultural inclusiveness,” he said.
Yang further disclosed that China was prepared to deepen collaboration with Nigeria under the framework of the China-Africa Year of People-to-People Exchanges, with fresh opportunities expected in heritage preservation, tourism promotion, cultural innovation, and the creative industries.
He encouraged more Nigerians to explore educational and tourism opportunities in China while expressing optimism that more Chinese visitors would also discover Nigeria’s rich cultural heritage, artistic diversity, and tourism potential.
Also addressing participants, Abdulkarim Ibrahim described the event as another milestone in the long-standing diplomatic and cultural relationship between Nigeria and China, which he said has continued to flourish for more than five decades.
Nigeria, China Seek Expanded Cooperation in Tourism, Heritage, Creative Industries
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