Politics
China is Reaping the Harvest of Democracy
China is Reaping the Harvest of Democracy
By: Olalekan A. Babatunde
This opinion is coming on the heels of the United States’ preparation to host more than 100 participants in the initial “Summit for Democracy” from 9-10 December 2021. World leaders, along with civil society and private-sector representatives will meet virtually in “renewing democracy in the United States and around the world”. According to James M. Goldgeier and Bruce W. Jentleson in the Politico (5 December), “the summit was never a good idea…” While making reference to the January 6 insurrection, attacks on election officials and ongoing systematic efforts by Republicans in a number of states to curtail voting rights, the authors feared that “the U.S. had questionable credibility to position itself as a leading democracy. “
Determining who is suitably democratic to make the list has already created criticisms and tension. Critics are of the opinion that the list seems to divide the world into “good guys and bad guys.” The entire concept of a democracy summit relies on an overly ideological approach to managing the global agenda. For instance, while Hungary and Turkey are not invited, backsliding democracies such as Poland, the Philippines, Brazil, India and Pakistan on the list raised concerns. Their undemocratic practices have grown worse over the past year. Hungary, the only E.U. a member left out, has already said it is excluded and penalized for its closeness to former President Donald Trump.
Just like other genuine observers of the development, China has legitimately argued “the U.S. has no right to monopolize democratic standards to impose its own political system on others and to instigate division and confrontation under the guise of democracy. “ According to its Foreign Ministry spokesman, Zhao Lijian, “democracy is the common value of all mankind and the right of all peoples.” Of course, he is right. For a country with a feudal history, China has provided leadership in realizing people’s democracy.
Long before many nations evolved popular sovereignty, freedom and political equality, China has been practicing elective democracy. It was the Communist leader Mao Zedong that introduced New Democracy or New Democratic Revolution, a concept of Bloc of Four Social Classes theory in post-revolutionary China underpinning the fact that democracy in China would take a path that was decisively distinct from that in any other country. Today, China’s version of democracy is consultative, with voting permitted at the very local level and public feedback collected before any law is implemented.
In the words of John Ross, former director of economic and business policy for the Mayor of London on China’s framework and delivery on human rights and democracy, said China is “ far superior to the West’s”, as China focuses on real improvement of the real conditions of humanity. While dialogue on democracy is necessary, the idea behind the event raises fundamental questions. What should democracy be all about? What should be the normative end of democracy? Whose system is delivering democratic outcomes? Is China a democracy or not? It is important to provide some explanation.
When the concepts of democracy as a form of government originated in ancient Athens (Greece) circa 508 B.C. none could ever fathom how thousands of years later the Greek system of direct democracy would pave the way for representative democracies across the globe. The point of departure or contention has often been the designations of whether one’s version of democracy is liberal, direct or pure, indirect or representative or electoral. As democracy varies from peoples, regions, religions and cultures, it is important to underscore the fact that every nation has its own system of democracy.
Whatever it is, nations evolved their own system in line with their socio-economic and political conditions-history, culture, tradition and so on. For example, the Swiss cantons and towns evolved people’s assemblies while the Chinese developed theirs. Also if democracy can be exported, Tunisia where the Arab Spring began and Afghanistan would have been perfect examples. But the effectiveness of governance itself is the yardstick of popular government. Today, socialist democracy has built prosperous China in line with the Chinese characteristics. It is not that China had not experimented with the western parliamentary, multiparty and presidential systems after its 1911 Revolution. But they failed.
With the founding of CPC in 1921, an illumination towards democracy was born. China is one of the countries that have advanced their own form of democratic rule. This year marks the 100th anniversary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and has never stopped pursuing democratic dividends for the people. All along, the Chinese people were at the centre of the struggle. So the end of feudal-autocratic rule gave way for the establishment of a democratic republic. The three decades of political development during the “reform and opening-up” period when socialist democracy and the rule of law were advanced ushered China into a new era.
This is the “Whole-Process People’s Democracy” under the CPC leadership. This sounds all encompassing by integrating process-oriented democracy with results-oriented democracy, procedural democracy with substantive democracy, direct democracy with indirect democracy, and people’s democracy with the will of the state. According to Vice Foreign Minister Le Yucheng, “China’s whole-process people’s democracy is not the kind that wakes up at the time of voting and goes dormant afterwards.” Also, the State Council Information Office of China says it is a model of socialist democracy that covers all aspects of the democratic process and all sectors of society. Again, it is the people that elect their leaders. There are nine political parties including CPC in China today but a multi-party cooperation system in which CPC exercises state power. These other parties participate fully in the administration of state affairs under the leadership of the CPC.
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Yet, the CPC under president Xi has reinforced and reformed party politics and government institutions in accordance with democratic norms and rule of law. There are also active roles being played by think tanks and united fronts at the grassroots level up to national level in the development of democratic governance and the rule of law in China. They engage and educate policymakers, media and the public on policy issues, and thereby help bridge the gap between policymakers and the public. In fact, according to the 2014 Global Go To Think Tanks Index Report, Asia (with China) has 16.71% in the global distribution of think tanks by region while North America has 30.05% and Sub-Saharan Africa 7.06%.
A few of these reforms are the modernisation of China’s governance system and capacity, strengthening CPC’s overall leadership, managing over 1.4 billion population with 56 ethnic groups, advancing democratic elections, robust and widespread consultations, decision-making, management and oversight, and promoting political stability, unity and vitality. Power is derived bottom-up. That is, from the people or grassroots. Participation and liberty is high. There are local people’s congresses at all levels. Townships, provinces and national levels have congresses where over 2 million representatives are elected in agreement with the Chinese founding fathers and leaders’ vision. All administrative, supervisory, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people’s congresses, to which they are responsible and by which they are supervised. The National People’s Congress (NPC) is the highest organ of state power and is controlled by the National Committee.
Elections in China are extensive and cover all aspects of the country’s political and social life. They include elections to government institutions, villagers and urban residents committees, and employees congresses in enterprises and public institutions. Elections in China are based on equality, and the people’s right to vote and stand for election is fully guaranteed. Each person can cast one vote, and all votes are of equal value. Elections in China are genuine and not manipulated by financial interests. Voters are free to vote for the candidates they trust. The above summary of key democratic organs and processes are enabling China to efficiently and effectively discharge and oversee its day-to-day socio-economic and industrial activities within the country and far beyond. Decision-making procedures and government’s accountability to the people are made easy.
The resultant democratic outcomes for the people are huge. Some of them are worth mentioning. Besides having successfully tamed the spread of COVID-19 pandemic, China has ended absolute poverty by lifting the last 80 million people. It is a unified multi-ethnic state. The Chinese at the grassroots level, employees at private and public institutions exercise democratic rights. This helps to coordinate the interests of multiple stakeholders, mitigate conflict, and maintain social stability and harmony at the grassroots level. Many successful grassroots experiences and practices have eventually turned into national policies, injecting new vitality into the development of China’s democracy.
A modern prosperous society with the spate of a few decades is beyond many imaginations in the world. A democracy that wheeled the engine of the 4th industrial revolution has propelled China from the 7th economy to 2nd prosperous economy in the world. A visitor to China can easily decipher democratic ideals and freedom across the country. Many other countries’ nationalities cannot claim to enjoy the kind of freedom the Chinese have.
Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore once said, “The ultimate test of a political system is whether it improves the standards of living for the majority of people.” China has profoundly proved that democracy can be a tool for human development. It has brought rapid development within the country and around the world. With its presence in over 2/3 of the world through bilateral and multilateral cooperation and trade, China respects other people’s democracy and freedom. It does not interfere with internal politics of the host country.
Therefore, as the democracy summit is exposing the fissures of the world, it is also revealing the weakness in our ability to reckon with other popular governments that are working elsewhere. It also uncovers the hypocrisy in us. We trade and invest in the countries not on the summit list. China’s own model of democracy is worth paying attention to. Many western scholars, diplomats and media have already paid attention to this type of governance that delivers coherent and long-term outcomes of what a true government should be. True democracy is effective governance that is solving problems but not held by political gridlock, corruption and theatrical distractions.
Participating in the new discussions on democracy is a welcome one but it should afford others to lay out their successes and failures in democracy. This is what a genuine meeting on democracy ought to be. The world is in dire need of pragmatic democratic leadership that will pursue peaceful development, protect people’s rights and promote freedom, and help to mitigate the effects of the pandemic and climate change regardless of race, gender, faith and region. As President Joe Biden has said, “Democracy doesn’t happen by accident, we have to defend it, fight for it, strengthen it, renew it.” That was exactly what China has done. They consciously developed their model of democracy, defended it against subversions, and strengthened it with their characteristics. What the people are enjoying now is the fruits of democracy.
*Dr. Babatunde is a fellow, peacebuilding and evidence practitioner at the Nigeria’s Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution, Abuja.
China is Reaping the Harvest of Democracy
2027: The Coalition, the resistance North, and the APC’s Path to Victory
By: Dr. James Bwala
The political landscape in Nigeria ahead of the 2027 elections suggests an imminent collapse of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) and Labour Party (LP), while the Social Democratic Party (SDP) may emerge as the primary opposition, but it will ultimately lose to the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) by a wider margin. The PDP’s internal divisions and resistance to coalition-building, particularly its governors’ rejection of alliances with LP and SDP, significantly weaken its viability as a competitive force. This fragmentation undermines any effective challenge against APC’s entrenched dominance.
Despite attempts by figures like former Vice President Atiku Abubakar to unite opposition forces, the lack of cohesion within PDP and between opposition parties inhibits a strong front against APC. Analysts emphasize that without strategic coalitions, no single party can match APC’s electoral machinery or political influence. Even if SDP consolidates opposition votes, its structural weaknesses and limited reach foreshadow a defeat by an even larger margin than previous contests.
Indeed, with growing complexities accompanying the political landscape, Nigeria’s multiparty system faces realignment where PDP and LP risk extinction due to disunity, while SDP’s isolated struggle against APC is unlikely to alter electoral outcomes significantly. The evidence underscores that only a united opposition coalition could potentially reduce APC’s dominance; however, current dynamics indicate this remains improbable before 2027.
As the political landscape continues to evolve, the potential for a unified opposition remains hindered by entrenched party loyalties and strategic misalignments, further solidifying APC’s path to a more decisive victory. The entrenched influence of APC’s political machinery and its strategic alliances, such as the strengthening of the Tinubu-Shettima partnership, further complicate any opposition efforts to mount a significant challenge in 2027.
Many political pundits have agreed that the All Progressives Congress (APC) is strategically positioned to dismantle opposition forces ahead of the 2027 Nigerian elections by capitalizing on the fragmented nature of its adversaries. The opposition currently consists of disparate groups: former presidential contenders who reject APC’s governance, disaffected ex-APC members seeking influence, and erstwhile party leaders now opposing the APC. This lack of cohesion undermines any effective coalition-building efforts, a critical weakness given Nigeria’s history, where opposition alliances frequently collapse due to internal strife and competing ambitions.
For now, the APC is leveraging its narrative of competent governance, contrasting with the perceived failures of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), which it accuses of prolonged misrule and internal discord. By emphasizing PDP’s factionalism and incompetence, APC consolidates public trust while portraying itself as Nigeria’s stable alternative. This discourse not only weakens PDP’s credibility but also sows doubt about any potential opposition coalition.
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In essence, through exploiting opposition fragmentation and promoting its governance record against a divided PDP, loosely LP, and undecided SDP, the APC is poised to reduce opposition to rubble in 2027. The inability of opposition factions to unify effectively ensures that APC’s dominance remains largely unchallenged in forthcoming electoral contests.
Angry leaders from the north are falling over themselves to raise regional political forces. But this too is no match for the readiness expected of the region. Despite the North’s considerable demographic and electoral influence, many Northerners feel marginalized due to perceived neglect in appointments and resource distribution, fueling a sense of betrayal. This dissatisfaction is compounded by internal divisions rooted in insecurity, poverty, and inter-communal conflicts that undermine the North’s collective political strength. As a result, these fractures could weaken the region’s capacity to negotiate effectively within national politics or present a unified opposition to Tinubu and Kashim Shettima, the APC’s dominance.
Demands from key sub-regions such as North-Central illustrate emerging fissures within Northern political interests. Stakeholders from this area insist on the presidency for 2027 and have conditioned their support for Tinubu’s reelection on replacing his vice president with a candidate from their region. Such demands underscore the potential for intensified competition among Northern factions rather than solidarity. This internal contestation risks diluting the North’s overall influence if not carefully managed. To this effect, unless Northern leaders address these internal challenges and reconcile divergent regional aspirations, political disunity may jeopardize their strategic position in 2027.
The combination of grassroots grievances and elite rivalries is indeed opening ways for APC to exploit these divisions through tactical maneuvering, thereby diminishing Northern Nigeria’s historical leverage in Nigerian politics. It is imperative that cohesive strategies are developed to unify Northern voices if they are to maintain relevance in forthcoming elections.
* James Bwala, PhD, writes from Abuja.
2027: The Coalition, the resistance North, and the APC’s Path to Victory
Politics
2027: Despite ‘fake news’ and ‘misinformation, Tinubu and Shettima are not deterred by the antics of the coalition.
2027: Despite ‘fake news’ and ‘misinformation, Tinubu and Shettima are not deterred by the antics of the coalition.
By: Dr. James Bwala
As the 2027 elections approach, the political landscape in Nigeria is rife with speculation and maneuvering. Despite pressures from various coalitions, particularly from the North-Central region demanding a change in running mate, President Bola Tinubu and Vice President Kashim Shettima remain steadfast. The ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) has categorically dismissed claims that Tinubu intends to replace Shettima as baseless and politically motivated. This resolute stance demonstrates their commitment to maintaining stability within the party during a crucial election period.
The demands of the North-Central coalition for representation stem from long-standing grievances regarding political marginalization. However, it is essential to recognize that calls for equity must be balanced with the realities of governance. The APC’s position emphasizes that any discussions about changing vice presidential candidates are premature given that Tinubu has not yet completed his first term. This perspective suggests a focus on continuity rather than disruption, which can ultimately benefit national cohesion.
Furthermore, influential stakeholders have expressed skepticism about any coalition’s ability to challenge Tinubu’s re-election bid effectively. This sentiment reflects a broader confidence in Tinubu and Shettima’s leadership capabilities amid rising political tensions. Their administration’s track record thus far supports an argument for stability over uncertainty as Nigeria navigates its complex socio-political landscape heading into 2027.
Tinubu and Vice President Kashim Shettima’s administration’s focus on economic reforms and infrastructural development has further solidified their position as leaders who prioritize the nation’s progress over political squabbles. This unwavering focus on national development and unity continues to resonate with the electorate, positioning Tinubu and Shettima as steadfast leaders capable of steering Nigeria through its multifaceted challenges.
Their ability to maintain focus on their developmental agenda, despite external pressures, further cements their reputation as leaders who are not easily swayed by political machinations. Their strategic focus on fostering inclusive policies and enhancing national integration underscores a commitment to addressing regional disparities while maintaining a unified front against divisive political tactics.
Their proactive engagement with various regions through dialogue and consultation has further demonstrated their commitment to inclusive governance, which is essential in countering any potential regional discontent. Their administration’s resilience in the face of such demands and political maneuvering exemplifies their commitment to maintaining a government that prioritizes national interest over regional pressures. Their steadfast leadership approach, coupled with a clear vision for Nigeria’s future, ensures that they remain unperturbed by regional demands for political concessions.
Their unwavering stance against succumbing to these regional pressures, as highlighted by the APC’s dismissal of rumors regarding a change in vice-presidential candidacy, reinforces their commitment to stability and continuity in governance. This strategic focus on unity and national progress is further bolstered by their administration’s proactive engagement with various stakeholders, ensuring that all regions feel represented and valued in the broader political landscape. Their administration’s inclusive policies and initiatives have been instrumental in fostering a sense of national unity, which has significantly diminished the impact of divisive political maneuvers.
Despite these demands, President Tinubu and Vice President Shettima appear unfazed, continuing to focus on their governance agenda while maintaining a united front against any attempts to destabilize their administration’s progress. Despite the coalition’s demands and political maneuvering, both President Tinubu and Vice President Shettima remain focused on their governance agenda, confident in their administration’s ability to deliver on its promises and maintain public support.
Their resilience in the face of political challenges is a testament to their strategic acumen and dedication to fostering a cohesive national identity, rather than yielding to divisive regional pressures. Their ability to navigate these political intricacies without succumbing to external pressures underscores a leadership style that prioritizes long-term national interests over short-term political gains.
This steadfast approach not only reinforces their credibility but also strengthens the public’s trust in their leadership, ensuring a robust foundation for their administration’s future endeavors. This commitment to equitable representation and steadfast governance has not only consolidated their political base but also positioned them as unyielding advocates for a unified Nigeria, capable of navigating the complexities of coalition politics without compromising their vision for national development.
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Their unwavering stance, coupled with a strategic focus on inclusive policies, has effectively neutralized potential threats from opposition groups, ensuring that their leadership remains resilient and forward-looking. Their leadership, characterized by a commitment to inclusivity and strategic foresight, continues to resonate with the electorate, fostering a sense of stability and continuity in an evolving political landscape. Their adept handling of coalition demands, without compromising their principles or governance agenda, further cements their reputation as leaders who are attuned to the nation’s needs and aspirations.
Their approach to coalition politics, marked by strategic patience and an unwavering commitment to their agenda, has effectively mitigated the influence of opposition demands. Their ability to maintain this delicate balance between coalition demands and their steadfast governance principles demonstrates a calculated resilience that leaves little room for the opposition to exploit potential weaknesses. Their adept navigation of coalition pressures, coupled with a clear articulation of their governance priorities, underscores their political acumen and fortifies their standing as leaders committed to advancing Nigeria’s progress despite external demands.
Their ability to effectively engage with diverse political factions while maintaining a steadfast focus on their governance objectives highlights their adeptness in coalition politics and reinforces their leadership as one that prioritizes national unity over regional demands. Their consistent engagement with regional concerns, while maintaining a broader national perspective, ensures that they remain a formidable force in the political arena. Their leadership, characterized by an unwavering resolve and strategic diplomacy, continues to inspire confidence among supporters.
Their leadership prowess is further evidenced by their ability to address regional grievances without yielding to unwarranted pressure. Their strategic focus on national cohesion, rather than succumbing to regional pressures, exemplifies their commitment to inclusive governance and strengthens their position against coalition demands. Their adept handling of these nuanced political dynamics not only showcases their ability to uphold national interests but also serves as a testament to their enduring influence in the political landscape. Their leadership approach, which skillfully balances regional interests with overarching national goals, continues to garner widespread support and positions them as resilient figures against coalition pressures. Their unwavering stance, coupled with a keen understanding of the political landscape, allows them to navigate coalition pressures with confidence and poise, thereby reinforcing their commitment to a united and prosperous Nigeria.
* James Bwala, PhD, writes from Abuja.
2027: Despite ‘fake news’ and ‘misinformation, Tinubu and Shettima are not deterred by the antics of the coalition.
Hakeem Baba Ahmed: The Call Boy, the Tactical Move, and 2027
By: Dr. James Bwala
Hakeem Baba Ahmed’s resignation as political advisor to the president underscores the complexity of Nigeria’s democracy and reveals a deeper narrative about the power struggles leading to the 2027 elections. The apparent sidelining of VP Shettima by Tinubu, according to some narratives, informed his resignation. But this is far from the truth. That was a move by the coalition of political gladiators strategizing to bring forces together against President Bola Ahmed Tinubu and his co-travelers. The VP remains one strong pillar around the President that this coalition knows, and they are making efforts to separate this bond so as to strike hard on the President. This also informed the continuous rhetoric around the soft wall in the name of “rift in the presidency” through ‘fake new’s, which they hoped Nigerians would believe, and they also hoped to build on these in pursuing their goals for 2027.
Although critics have accused Baba Ahmed of prioritizing personal gain over regional interests in his decision to resign. Such accusations suggest that his initial acceptance of the advisory role may have been driven by financial incentives rather than genuine political commitment. Some rhetorical statements suggested that Baba Ahmed’s departure signals a fracture in the administration’s coherence and unity. But certainly that does not warrant his recent statements geared towards the 2027 elections.
His recent rhetoric surrounding the Nigerian presidency raises significant concerns regarding the political landscape leading up to 2027. His assertion that the North can secure the presidency irrespective of Southern demands reflects a divisive mindset that undermines national unity. Such statements not only alienate Southern constituents but also perpetuate an atmosphere of exclusion and hostility within Nigeria’s diverse society. The implications of this behavior suggest a strategic move aimed at consolidating Northern power, which could have detrimental effects on the nation’s democratic processes.
Labeling Ahmed as “The Call Boy” serves to emphasize his role as a provocateur in this political theater. This moniker suggests an individual who prioritizes self-serving agendas over collective progress, potentially jeopardizing Nigeria’s future stability. As we approach the critical election year of 2027, it is imperative for Nigerian leaders to adopt inclusive strategies rather than engage in polarizing tactics. A collaborative approach will foster national cohesion and ensure that all voices are heard in shaping Nigeria’s trajectory. A genuine commitment to dialogue and mutual respect among Nigeria’s diverse regions will be essential in overcoming the challenges posed by such divisive rhetoric.
Fostering this environment of unity will not only pave the way for a more equitable political framework but also strengthen Nigeria’s democratic institutions in the long term. By prioritizing policies that bridge regional divides and address the socio-economic disparities plaguing the nation, leaders can create a more resilient and united Nigeria poised for growth and prosperity. Such a shift from divisive tactics to inclusive governance could mitigate the risks associated with concentrated power and foster a more balanced political landscape.
By focusing on these inclusive governance strategies, Nigeria can begin to dismantle the entrenched systems of patronage and nepotism that have long undermined its political integrity. By fostering a political environment that values inclusivity over exclusion, Nigeria can lay the groundwork for sustainable peace and development, steering away from rhetoric that alienates large segments of the population. By embracing a vision for 2027 that emphasizes strategic alliances and tactical inclusiveness, Nigeria can harness its diverse human resources to drive national progress and stability.
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By prioritizing collaboration and mutual respect, political actors can create a more equitable system that reflects the aspirations of all Nigerians, potentially transforming the country’s trajectory as it approaches 2027. And by implementing policies that encourage transparency and accountability, the nation can move beyond divisive narratives and work towards a future where every citizen feels represented and valued. Such a shift in political culture could be the tactical move needed to redefine leadership dynamics and pave the way for a more harmonious and prosperous Nigeria by 2027. This paradigm shift requires leaders like Hakeem Baba Ahmed to transcend traditional power plays and engage in meaningful dialogue that prioritizes unity over division.
Baba Ahmed can champion a political landscape that embraces inclusivity as a cornerstone for future governance. He can pave the way for a more harmonious political environment that prioritizes collective progress over individual gain. Such an approach not only enhances political stability but also fosters a sense of national identity that transcends ethnic and regional divides, setting the stage for robust development as the 2027 milestone approaches. Leveraging his influence and advocating for policies that dismantle systemic barriers, Baba Ahmed can inspire a new generation of leaders committed to the principles of justice and equality. He can potentially transform the political landscape into one that is resilient and adaptable to the challenges of a rapidly changing world by setting an example of inclusive leadership.
By embracing this transformative approach, Hakeem Baba Ahmed not only positions himself as a visionary leader but also sets a precedent for others to follow; he can redefine what it means to lead a nation by fostering a political ethos that values empathy, transparency, and accountability above all else. By fostering a culture that prioritizes these values, Baba Ahmed can galvanize collective action towards a shared vision of national prosperity and peace, and by nurturing these values within the political framework, he will not only champion a future-ready governance model but also strengthen the democratic fabric of the nation.
While some Nigerians would still be tempted to inquire about why Hakeem Baba Ahmed resigned, it is more pertinent to focus on how these developments impact Vice President Shettima’s ability to govern effectively in an increasingly challenging political environment. As we delve deeper into the implications of Baba Ahmed’s resignation, it becomes evident that this event is not merely a personal decision but a reflection of broader systemic challenges within the Nigerian political landscape. This situation underscores the need for a reevaluation of the power dynamics at play, where political allies become adversaries due to competing interests and restricted communication channels.
* James Bwala, PhD, writes from Abuja.
Hakeem Baba Ahmed: The Call Boy, the Tactical Move, and 2027
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